Based on observation data of CO₂, CH₄ mole fraction and temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and wind direction at Linfen station of Shanxi from 2013 to 2018, and ERA-5 PBL (planet boundary layer) reanalysis data from the European Center for Mediumrange Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and GDAS (global data assimilation system) reanalysis data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), the spatio-temperal distribution characteristics of two greenhouse gases concentration and their influence factors were analyzed in Linfen with high carbon emission. The results show that the annual average CO₂ and CH₄ mole fractions were 441.7×10^-6 and 2359.5×10^-9 at Linfen station, respectively, they were higher than that at background stations of globe and Waliguan of Qinghai Province and other city stations such as Pudong of Shanghai. There are very significantly positive correlations between CO₂ and CH₄ concentrations at Linfen in spring, autumn and winter, which indicates that the anthropogenic emissions dominate to carbon cycle of Linfen. The monthly change of CO₂ and CH₄ mole fraction with single peak and single valley pattern was obvious at Linfen, and the CO₂ mole fraction was the highest in winter and the lowest in summer, while the CH₄ mole fraction was the highest in winter and the lowest in spring. The CO₂ and CH₄ mole fraction were higher from 06:00 BST to 09:00 BST, while those were lower from 15:00 BST to 17:00 BST at Linfen, and their diurnal change ranges were the smallest in spring, while that of CO₂ and CH₄ mole fraction was the greatest in summer and winter, respectively. Apart from carbon emission source, the influence of meteorological conditions on CO₂ and CH₄ concentration is obvious in Linfen. The influence of temperature and humidity was more in summer, while that in other seasons was less. The photosynthesis and photochemical reactions enhance in summer, which lead to the decrease of CO₂ and CH₄ concentration, therefore the high temperature and low humidity are beneficial to the decrease of concentration. The average wind speed has significantly negative correlation with two greenhouse gases mole fraction, and the low wind speed is beneficial to the increase of concentration. In addition, the northeast and southeast winds are likely to transport industrial and other emission gases to the observation site and surrounding, which lead to the increase of two gases concentration at the site. Due to the influence of anthropogenic emission sources is most, the spatial distribution characteristic of CO₂ concentration is better similar to CH₄ concentration in Linfen in winter. In addition, the CH₄ concentration in eastern Linfen is higher in the whole year, which may be attributed to the Qinshui coal field with the most yields in China.

Based on the hourly precipitation data from April to September during 1960-2019 at 9 national meteorological stations and 400 regional meteorological stations built year by year in Longnan of Gansu Province from 2008 to 2019, NCEP FNL 1°×1° reanalysis data and MICAPS data, the spatial-temporal distribution and mesoscale characteristics of short-time heavy precipitation in Longnan of Gansu Province were analyzed. The results are as follows: (1) The occurrence frequency of short-time heavy precipitation in Longnan became more from the northwest to the southeast, with two relatively concentrated areas. The short-time heavy precipitation with rainfall intensity greater than 50 mm·h^-1 occurred in Cheng county, Hui county and Kang county in the east of Longnan. The occurrence frequencies of short-time heavy precipitation and rainstorm were more in the southeast of Longnan, and for short-time heavy precipitation it was also relatively high in the mountainous areas in the northwest. (2) Since 1960, the stations occurring short-time heavy precipitation in Longnan increased slowly.The monthly variation showed a single-peak type, with the maximum in August and accounting for 37.5% of the total stations occurring short-time heavy precipitation. The ten-day variation presented a double-peak type, with two peaks in early July and early August, respectively. The stations occurring short-time heavy precipitation was the most from late July to mid-August, accounting for 47.2% of the total stations. Diurnal variation showed that there was more short-time heavy precipitation at night than in the day, there were multiple peaks. The stations occurring short-time heavy precipitation increased significantly since 15:00 BST. The diurnal peaks of short-time heavy precipitation occurred at 23:00 BST, accounting for 9.4% of the total stations. (3) The short-time heavy precipitation in Longnan was closely linked to rainstorms. The mesoscale concept modes of short-time heavy precipitation in Longnan mainly showed three types, including low vortex shear, northwest air flow following the trough moving eastward and the southwest air flow beside the sub-tropical high.

Based on the MODIS data and observed soil humidity in Qingyang region，the linearity relation has been found between VSWI and soil humidity through statistic regression analysis．The soil humidity provided by MODIS VSW1 was validated by the actual soil humidity through dynamic monitoring in 2005 in Qingyang region，thus it is feasible to monitor soil humidity by VSWI product．

Based on the MODIS data and observed soil humidity in Qingyang region，the linearity relation has been found between VSWI and soil humidity through statistic regression analysis．The soil humidity provided by MODIS VSW1 was validated by the actual soil humidity through dynamic monitoring in 2005 in Qingyang region，thus it is feasible to monitor soil humidity by VSWI product．